Overview
Quick answer
Ferritin is the blood test used to estimate how much iron your body has stored. It is usually ordered alongside serum iron, transferrin, and transferrin saturation (TSAT) as a group known as iron studies.
Australia and the World Health Organization use different ferritin cut-offs to define deficiency: the WHO threshold is under 15 µg/L, while Australian clinical practice and Australian pathology reference intervals commonly use a higher cut-off of under 30 µg/L. That gap matters, because someone whose ferritin sits between 15 and 30 can be told their result is "not deficient" by one standard and "depleted" by the other.
Iron deficiency is common in Australia, particularly among women of reproductive age. Ferritin also rises during inflammation and infection independently of iron status, so Australian clinical guidance recommends checking CRP alongside it when interpreting a result.
Overview
Key takeaways
Ferritin estimates stored iron. Serum iron, transferrin, and TSAT describe how iron is currently being carried and used.
Australia commonly uses a ferritin cut-off of under 30 µg/L; the WHO uses under 15 µg/L for a well population. A result between the two can read as normal or deficient depending on which standard is applied.
Clearing the deficiency threshold is not the same question as reaching a comfortable, well-functioning level; reference intervals are population statistics, not personal targets.
Around 22% of Australian women have depleted iron stores by the Australian cut-off, and over a third of women aged 18 to 39 in one Australian survey. Around 3.5% of Australian men do.
Ferritin is an acute-phase protein: infection, inflammation, liver disease, and malignancy can all push it up regardless of iron status. A normal or high ferritin does not rule out iron deficiency if inflammation is present.
Very low ferritin (under 75 µg/L, sometimes framed as under 100 with low TSAT) is used as a treatment threshold in restless legs syndrome guidelines, not only in anaemia.
High ferritin with high transferrin saturation can indicate iron overload, including hereditary haemochromatosis. Do not start iron supplements for a high ferritin result; that needs clinical assessment first.
Iron supplements are not risk-free. They cause common digestive side effects and are unsafe to self-start in some genetic conditions. Confirm deficiency with a blood test before starting.
Iron studies are usually a fasting or non-fasting morning blood draw depending on the requesting clinician; check your specific request form.
Basics
What is ferritin?
Ferritin is a protein that stores iron inside cells, mainly in the liver, spleen, and bone marrow, and releases it when the body needs it to make new red blood cells.
Only a small amount of ferritin circulates in the blood, but that circulating amount correlates with total body iron stores in someone who is otherwise well. That correlation is why a blood test for ferritin, rather than a direct measurement of stored iron, became the standard screening tool.
Liver
The liver is a major iron storage site and also produces hepcidin, the hormone that controls how much iron the gut absorbs and how much stored iron is released.
Spleen and bone marrow
The spleen recycles iron from old red blood cells; bone marrow uses that recycled iron, plus newly absorbed iron, to build new red blood cells.
Blood (ferritin test)
A small, roughly proportional amount of ferritin circulates in the blood. That is what the ferritin blood test measures as a proxy for total body stores.
Why the body needs iron
Iron does more than carry oxygen. It is essential for:
- Oxygen transport, as the core of haemoglobin in red blood cells and myoglobin in muscle. This is the role most people know.
- Cellular energy production: iron-sulfur clusters are required cofactors in three of the mitochondria's electron transport chain complexes, plus a key citric acid cycle enzyme, so a shortage can blunt energy production at the cellular level, not only through reduced oxygen delivery.
- Neurotransmitter synthesis: iron is a cofactor for the enzyme that makes dopamine's precursor, one reason iron status is linked to restless legs syndrome, covered later in this guide.
Because ferritin is a stored-iron marker, it is usually the first value to fall when someone starts losing more iron than they take in, often well before red blood cells are affected or a person feels unwell.
The panel
What do iron studies measure?
Iron studies usually means four related results read together, not one number in isolation.
Ferritin
Estimates total iron stores. The most sensitive single marker for early iron deficiency, but it also rises with inflammation, which can mask a true deficiency.
Serum iron
Measures iron currently circulating in the blood, bound to transferrin. It fluctuates through the day and with recent meals, so it is not interpreted alone.
Transferrin
The protein that carries iron through the blood. Transferrin typically rises when iron stores are low, as the body tries to capture more of what little iron is available.
Transferrin saturation (TSAT)
The percentage of transferrin actually carrying iron, calculated from serum iron and transferrin (or TIBC). Low TSAT alongside low ferritin supports true iron deficiency; high TSAT points toward iron overload.
Some Australian labs report total iron-binding capacity (TIBC) instead of, or alongside, transferrin. TIBC and transferrin measure closely related things and are used to calculate the same transferrin saturation percentage; which one a lab reports is a laboratory choice, not a different test.
Reading your results
How to read your iron studies report
Australian pathology reports use consistent but not identical field names. Here is what to look for.
"Ferritin"
Usually printed under exactly that name, in µg/L, with the lab's own reference interval alongside it. This is the number the rest of this guide focuses on.
"Iron" or "Fe"
Serum iron, in µmol/L. Fluctuates through the day, so on its own it tells you less than ferritin.
"Transferrin"
The iron-carrying protein, in g/L or µmol/L depending on the lab.
"Transferrin saturation", "Sat", "TSAT" or "Fe Sat"
A percentage. If your report does not print it directly, it is calculated from serum iron and transferrin (or TIBC), and the lab can usually provide it on request.
"TIBC" or "UIBC"
Total or unsaturated iron-binding capacity, an older or alternative way some Australian labs express the same underlying information as transferrin.
Field names and units vary slightly between pathology providers, so match this against your own lab's legend rather than assuming every report is laid out the same way. Because ferritin moves slowly, a retest is usually timed weeks to months after a change in treatment or diet, not days, and the trend across two or three results tells you more than any single number.
The threshold gap
Australian vs WHO ferritin thresholds
A single ferritin number can be read two different ways depending on which standard is applied, and the gap is wide enough to change the answer a reader gets.
WHO: under 15 µg/L
The World Health Organization defines iron deficiency in an apparently healthy adult as ferritin under 15 µg/L. This threshold has not changed since 1993, and WHO's own 2020 guideline rates the certainty of evidence behind it as low.
Australian clinical practice: under 30 µg/L
Australian Red Cross Lifeblood and Australian Prescriber both use a working cut-off of ferritin under 30 µg/L in adults, reporting roughly 92% sensitivity and 98% specificity for iron deficiency at that level. Healius Pathology, Hemexa's pathology partner, sets 30 µg/L as the floor of its ferritin reference interval for both sexes, which is the practical effect of that guidance: a result under 30 is flagged as outside range on the report itself.
WHO with inflammation present: under 70 µg/L
WHO's 2020 update added a second threshold for people with infection or inflammation: ferritin under 70 µg/L may still indicate deficiency in that context, because inflammation pushes ferritin upward independently of iron status.
The practical consequence: a ferritin of 20 µg/L is "not iron deficient" by the strict WHO well-population threshold, but it already sits below the floor of the reference interval an Australian lab will print on the report, and below the level Australian clinical guidance treats as depleted stores. Reading only the reference range without the context behind it can understate a real, common problem.
None of this is a reason to self-diagnose from a number. Reference ranges guide a conversation with a clinician; they are not a verdict on their own.
Beyond deficiency
Reference range vs a preventative target
Clearing the deficiency threshold answers one question: is stored iron dangerously low. It does not answer a different question some readers are actually asking, which is what level supports feeling and performing well.
A reference interval is a population statistic, not a personal target
Lab reference intervals are built to capture roughly the middle 95% of a reference population's results. That population is not curated for optimal health, so the bottom of a range is a statistical floor, not evidence that everyone inside it feels their best.
Hemexa's clinical target band
Hemexa's own clinical policy, built from its pathology partner's reference interval and preventative-medicine practice, targets a higher preventative band than the diagnostic floor: roughly 50 to 120 µg/L for women and 100 to 200 µg/L for men. This is Hemexa's working target, not a universally agreed medical standard, and it sits inside the RLS treatment threshold discussed below as one data point suggesting the deficiency floor and a comfortable working level are not the same number.
Treat a target band as a starting point for a conversation with your clinician, not a self-directed goal to chase with unsupervised supplementation; the safety limits later in this guide still apply.
The wider argument, including why a reference interval is not a clinical decision limit and why optimal range is not an RCPA term, is on the reference range vs optimal range guide.
How common
How common is iron deficiency in Australia?
Two separate, independent Australian data sources both point the same direction: iron deficiency by ferritin is common, and far more common in women.
22.3% of Australian women
Have depleted iron stores (ferritin under 30 µg/L), against 3.5% of Australian men, per the ABS Australian Health Survey: Biomedical Results for Nutrients (2011-13), the most recent nationally representative biomedical dataset with published iron figures.
34.8% of women aged 18 to 39
A more recent, targeted population survey across NSW, Victoria, and Queensland found more than a third of women in this age group had ferritin under 30 µg/L (Islam et al., 2020), higher than the earlier national figure for women of all ages.
These are two different studies measuring the same cut-off in different samples, not one dataset broken down two ways. Both point to iron deficiency being common enough in Australian women that it is worth understanding rather than assuming a "normal" result rules it out.
Who should test
Who may benefit from iron studies?
Higher iron requirements
- Menstruating women, particularly with heavy periods
- Pregnant or breastfeeding women
- Adolescents during growth spurts
- Endurance athletes
Reduced intake or absorption
- Vegetarian and vegan diets
- Restrictive or low-variety diets
- Long-term proton pump inhibitor (PPI) use
- Coeliac disease or other malabsorption conditions
Increased loss or higher-risk groups
- Regular blood donors
- Gastrointestinal blood loss (peptic ulcer, NSAID or aspirin use, inflammatory bowel disease)
- History of bariatric or gastric surgery
- Recent migrants, refugees, and some Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander populations, per Lifeblood clinical guidance
Anyone with symptoms that could reflect low iron, or with one or more of the risk factors above, is a reasonable candidate for iron studies. Your GP or clinician can advise whether testing is appropriate for your situation.
Symptoms
Signs and symptoms of iron deficiency
Common signs and symptoms
- Fatigue and low energy
- Pale skin
- Shortness of breath on exertion
- Lightheadedness or dizziness
- Reduced exercise tolerance
- Brittle nails or hair loss
- Restless legs, particularly at night
- Difficulty concentrating
- Unusual cravings for non-food items (pica), in more severe deficiency
These symptoms are not specific to iron deficiency and can have many other causes. They should prompt a conversation with a clinician and a blood test, not self-diagnosis or self-supplementation.
A normal haemoglobin on a full blood count does not rule out low stores. See the full blood count guide for how to read an Australian FBC printout, and why ferritin falls first.
Fatigue has several blood-testable causes besides iron. See the always tired blood tests guide for how ferritin sits beside thyroid, B12, vitamin D, and glucose in an Australian workup.
Hair shedding is a different query with the same iron question. See the hair loss blood tests guide.
Interpretation
Why ferritin can mislead during inflammation
Ferritin belongs to a group of proteins called acute-phase reactants: the liver produces more of them during infection, inflammation, liver disease, and some cancers, independently of how much iron is actually stored.
A normal or high result can still hide deficiency
Australian Red Cross Lifeblood notes that with coexisting inflammation, ferritin can read as high as 100 µg/L in an adult who is genuinely iron deficient. Australian Prescriber describes a similarly raised working threshold, alongside a low transferrin saturation, when inflammation is present.
Two mechanisms, not one
Inflammation raises ferritin two ways at once: the liver hormone hepcidin traps iron inside storage cells by shutting down the only known iron-export channel, and separately, inflammatory signalling switches on the ferritin gene itself. Both push the number up regardless of how much usable iron you actually have.
Check CRP alongside ferritin
Because of this, Australian clinical guidance recommends checking a marker of inflammation, such as CRP, alongside iron studies. A high CRP is a signal to interpret ferritin cautiously rather than take it at face value.
Illness at collection time skews results
A cold, infection, or recent injury at the time of the blood draw can temporarily raise ferritin regardless of iron status. Where possible, iron studies are more reliable when you are otherwise well.
Fatty liver and metabolic syndrome are a common cause too
Mildly to moderately elevated ferritin is common in insulin resistance and fatty liver disease (MASLD), sometimes called dysmetabolic hyperferritinemia, affecting roughly a third of people with MASLD and 15 to 20% of people with metabolic syndrome. Unlike hereditary haemochromatosis, transferrin saturation here is usually normal to only mildly raised, not high, which is one way clinicians tell the two apart.
A specific use case
Ferritin and restless legs syndrome
Restless legs syndrome (RLS) is one of the more specific reasons ferritin is checked outside a general deficiency workup, and it uses a higher threshold than the general deficiency cut-off.
Why iron and dopamine connect: iron is a required cofactor for the enzyme that makes dopamine's precursor. The leading model for RLS involves brain iron deficiency, particularly in a region called the substantia nigra, disrupting dopamine-related signalling. It is more subtle than a simple shortage of raw material: some research finds that enzyme is not suppressed and may even be upregulated, while brain iron itself is measurably reduced, pointing to a disruption in how dopamine signalling is regulated rather than a lack of supply. RLS has several contributing factors, and this is the leading mechanistic explanation, not a settled, complete account.
Ferritin at or below 75 µg/L
The American Academy of Sleep Medicine's 2024 clinical practice guideline recommends considering iron supplementation in adults with RLS when serum ferritin is at or below 75 µg/L, or when transferrin saturation is under 20%, even though this is well above the general iron-deficiency cut-off.
Between 75 and 100 µg/L
In this range, the guideline specifically recommends intravenous rather than oral iron, because oral iron is poorly absorbed at this ferritin level. This is a decision for a treating clinician, not a self-directed choice.
Ferritin assays also vary meaningfully between laboratory platforms, so a borderline result close to a treatment threshold is worth discussing with a clinician rather than acting on the number alone.
The other direction
High ferritin and iron overload
High ferritin is not automatically a good result. Paired with a high transferrin saturation, it can point toward iron overload rather than robust iron status.
Hereditary haemochromatosis
The most common inherited cause of iron overload in people of Northern European ancestry, caused by variants in the HFE gene. Homozygosity for the C282Y variant accounts for the large majority of HFE-related cases; the H63D variant alone does not usually cause significant overload.
TSAT as the screening flag
A transferrin saturation above 45% is commonly used as a sensitive screening flag for further investigation, including HFE genetic testing. A higher threshold (above 50% in women, above 60% in men) improves the accuracy of that flag at the cost of sensitivity.
Not everyone with the gene gets sick
Carrying two copies of C282Y does not guarantee clinical iron overload. An Australian population study found signs of iron overload in roughly 28% of male C282Y homozygotes, compared with about 1% of female homozygotes, largely because menstruation offsets iron accumulation.
Why excess iron damages organs
Iron that is not safely bound to transferrin or stored in ferritin can catalyse a chemical reaction that generates highly reactive molecules, damaging lipids, proteins, and DNA. This oxidative-stress mechanism is the accepted explanation for why untreated iron overload damages the liver, heart, and pancreas over time.
Do not start or continue iron supplements based on a high ferritin result. High ferritin needs clinical assessment, and in confirmed overload, treatment is the opposite of supplementation.
How to order
How Australians get iron studies
| Approach | Best for | Typical cost | Includes iron studies? |
|---|---|---|---|
| GP-ordered, Medicare-funded | Clinically indicated testing (symptoms, known risk factors) | Bulk-billed or low gap when eligible | Yes, when your GP judges it clinically necessary |
| GP-ordered, private add-on | Preventative or asymptomatic testing without a clinical indication | ~$62 to $75 out of pocket for iron studies alone | Yes, as a standalone panel |
| Pay-per-panel services (e.g. MediTests, Express Pathology) | A one-off iron studies panel with GP review, no ongoing program | ~$62 to $75 for iron studies specifically | Yes, sold as a standalone iron studies panel |
| Membership platforms (e.g. Hemexa) | Annual baseline coverage with trend tracking across many markers, not iron studies alone | ~$1,199/year (full membership) | Yes; ferritin, iron, transferrin, and TSAT on the annual panel among 76–80 signature markers |
Pathology in Australia requires an authorised request from a registered medical practitioner. Reputable preventative services include GP clinical review before the lab order is issued, the same as a standard GP visit.
What Medicare funds for iron studies, and when a preventative panel is a private cost, is on the Medicare blood tests guide.
Nutrition
Iron-rich food sources
Dietary iron comes in two forms that behave differently in the gut. Heme iron, from meat, poultry, and fish, is absorbed considerably more efficiently than non-heme iron from plants and fortified foods; commonly cited figures are around 25% for heme against up to about 17% for non-heme, though exact rates vary by study and by a person's existing iron status.
Heme iron (meat, poultry, fish)
Absorbed most efficiently of the two forms, commonly cited around 25% on average.
Non-heme iron (plant and fortified sources)
Absorbed less efficiently on its own, commonly cited up to about 17% on average, improved by pairing with vitamin C.
Recommended daily iron intake from all sources, including food and supplements:
| Group | Daily intake |
|---|---|
| Men aged 19 and older | 8 mg/day |
| Women aged 19-50 | 18 mg/day |
| Women aged 51 and older | 8 mg/day |
| Pregnancy | 27 mg/day |
| Breastfeeding | 9 mg/day |
These values are the NHMRC and New Zealand Ministry of Health Recommended Dietary Intakes for iron.
The recommended intake is for iron from all sources, including food and any supplements, not an additional supplement dose on top of diet.
The NHMRC upper level of intake from supplements is 45 mg/day for adults. Higher therapeutic doses are sometimes used short-term under clinical supervision to correct a confirmed deficiency.
Vitamin C and other organic acids (citric, lactic, malic) enhance non-heme iron absorption, which is why pairing plant iron sources with citrus, capsicum, or tomato is a common practical tip.
Phytates, found in whole grains and legumes, inhibit absorption of both heme and non-heme iron, not only non-heme as is commonly assumed. Tannins in tea and coffee, and vegetable protein, inhibit non-heme absorption specifically. Separating tea or coffee from iron-rich meals by an hour or two reduces this effect.
NHMRC modelling assumes roughly 18% absorption from a typical mixed diet and around 10% from a vegetarian diet, which is the basis for vegetarians needing meaningfully more dietary iron than meat-eaters to reach the same intake target.
Safety
Iron supplements: when and how safely
Iron is one of the few common supplements where taking it without a confirmed need is more likely to cause harm than a placebo effect, because the body has no efficient way to get rid of excess iron.
Confirm deficiency before supplementing
Iron supplements are intended to correct a confirmed low result, not to be taken speculatively for fatigue or general wellbeing. Unnecessary supplementation does not reliably improve energy in someone whose iron stores are already adequate.
Common side effects
Constipation, nausea, abdominal discomfort, and dark stools are common with oral iron supplements. Different formulations and dosing schedules can reduce this; a pharmacist or GP can advise.
Do not supplement into a high result
People with hereditary haemochromatosis or other iron overload conditions should not take iron supplements. This is a specific reason a confirmed test result matters more than a symptom guess.
Timing affects absorption
Taking iron with vitamin C can improve absorption. Taking it at the same time as calcium supplements, dairy, or tea and coffee can reduce it.
Iron supplementation, dosing, and duration should be directed by a clinician based on your confirmed result and the underlying cause, not chosen independently.
FAQ
Frequently asked questions
- What is the difference between ferritin and iron studies?
- Ferritin is one specific test measuring stored iron. Iron studies is the broader panel that usually includes ferritin alongside serum iron, transferrin, and transferrin saturation (TSAT), giving a fuller picture than ferritin alone, particularly when inflammation might be affecting the ferritin result.
- What is a low ferritin level in Australia?
- Australian clinical practice, including Australian Red Cross Lifeblood guidance, commonly uses ferritin under 30 µg/L as the threshold for depleted iron stores in adults. The World Health Organization uses a lower threshold of under 15 µg/L for a well population, rising to under 70 µg/L when inflammation is present. A result between 15 and 30 can read differently depending on which standard is applied.
- How common is iron deficiency in Australia?
- About 22.3% of Australian women and 3.5% of Australian men have depleted iron stores by ferritin under 30 µg/L, per the ABS Australian Health Survey: Biomedical Results for Nutrients (2011-13). A separate, more recent population survey found 34.8% of women aged 18 to 39 had ferritin under 30 µg/L.
- Can my ferritin be normal even if I am iron deficient?
- Yes. Ferritin is an acute-phase protein that rises with inflammation, infection, liver disease, and some cancers, independent of iron status. Australian guidance recommends checking CRP alongside ferritin, since a normal or even high ferritin can occur in someone who is genuinely iron deficient if inflammation is present.
- Does low ferritin cause restless legs syndrome?
- Low iron stores are one recognised contributor to restless legs syndrome. The American Academy of Sleep Medicine's 2024 guideline recommends considering iron treatment when ferritin is at or below 75 µg/L or transferrin saturation is under 20%, a higher threshold than the general iron-deficiency cut-off. This should be assessed and directed by a clinician.
- Can ferritin be too high?
- Yes. High ferritin with high transferrin saturation can indicate iron overload, including hereditary haemochromatosis, an inherited condition linked to variants in the HFE gene. High ferritin needs clinical assessment rather than supplementation, since treatment for overload is the opposite of treatment for deficiency.
- How much does an iron studies test cost in Australia?
- Standalone private iron studies typically cost around $62 to $75 out of pocket. Medicare may fund iron studies when a GP judges testing clinically necessary; asymptomatic preventative testing is usually a private cost. Membership platforms that include iron studies on a comprehensive annual panel of 76–80 signature markers start around AU$1,199 per year.
- Do I need to fast for iron studies?
- Requirements vary by requesting clinician and by which other tests are drawn on the same visit. Serum iron has some daily variation, so a morning sample is often preferred. Check your specific pathology request form or ask your GP.
- Can I just take an iron supplement without testing?
- This is not recommended. Iron supplements cause common digestive side effects, are unsafe to take without medical guidance for people with iron overload conditions such as haemochromatosis, and do not reliably improve symptoms like fatigue when iron stores are already adequate. Confirm deficiency with a blood test first.
- Who should get iron studies tested?
- People with symptoms that could reflect low iron, menstruating women (particularly with heavy periods), pregnant or breastfeeding women, endurance athletes, regular blood donors, people with restrictive diets, and people with conditions affecting absorption such as coeliac disease are reasonable candidates. Your GP can advise based on your history.
- What is the difference between ferritin and haemoglobin?
- Ferritin measures how much iron you have in storage. Haemoglobin, reported on a full blood count, measures the oxygen-carrying protein inside red blood cells. Ferritin is usually the first to fall as iron stores run low; haemoglobin only drops once stores are depleted enough to affect red blood cell production, which is why ferritin can flag a problem well before anaemia shows up on a full blood count.
- Can my ferritin be high with a normal transferrin saturation?
- Yes, and this is a common pattern. Mildly to moderately elevated ferritin with normal or only slightly raised transferrin saturation is typically seen with insulin resistance, metabolic syndrome, or fatty liver disease, not iron overload. Hereditary haemochromatosis, by contrast, usually shows a high transferrin saturation alongside high ferritin. Your GP can tell these apart.
- What ferritin level should I aim for, not just avoid being deficient?
- Being above the deficiency threshold is not the same question as having a comfortable, well-functioning level. Hemexa's own clinical target band, informed by its pathology partner's reference interval, is roughly 50 to 120 µg/L for women and 100 to 200 µg/L for men; that is Hemexa's working preventative target, not a universal medical standard, and it should be discussed with your clinician rather than chased through unsupervised supplementation.
- How long does it take to raise low ferritin?
- Ferritin responds slowly. Expect a retest weeks to months after starting treatment or changing your diet, not days, and judge progress by the trend across two or three results rather than a single number.
How Hemexa fits
How Hemexa can help
Fatigue and low energy have many causes. Iron studies are one piece of that picture, and interpreting them well means reading ferritin alongside inflammation markers and the rest of the panel, not in isolation.
Ferritin, iron, transferrin, and TSAT on the annual panel
Hemexa includes the full iron studies panel on the annual baseline, part of 76–80 signature markers, in the Iron Status & Storage category alongside the immune and metabolic markers that help interpret it.
CRP read alongside ferritin
High-sensitivity CRP is also on your Hemexa panel, which supports reading a normal or high ferritin result with inflammation in mind rather than at face value.
Clinical safety review on very low or very high results
A ferritin result below 15 µg/L or above 1000 µg/L is flagged in Hemexa's clinical safety review for follow-up with a doctor within a few days, rather than left in a PDF for you to interpret alone.
Genetic context for iron regulation
For members with genetic testing, Hemexa's DNA layer can surface HFE gene context relevant to iron overload risk, and TMPRSS6 gene context relevant to baseline iron and ferritin levels, alongside your results trend, framed as context for a clinical conversation rather than a diagnosis.
Sources
References
World Health Organization. (2020). WHO guideline on use of ferritin concentrations to assess iron status in individuals and populations. View source ↗
Zhang, C., et al. (2024). Updating the diagnosis and management of iron deficiency in the era of routine ferritin testing of blood donors by Australian Red Cross Lifeblood. Medical Journal of Australia, 221(7). View source ↗
Islam, Z., et al. (2020). Iron insufficiency among young Australian women: a population-based survey. Internal Medicine Journal. View source ↗
Australian Red Cross Lifeblood. Diagnosis and investigation of iron deficiency anaemia; Groups at risk and causes of iron deficiency. View source ↗
Australian Prescriber. Non-anaemic iron deficiency. View source ↗